What was the main cause of the fear instigated by the Attack on Ellwood?

The main cause of the fear instigated by the Attack on Ellwood was indeed related to Japanese submarine activity near coastal areas. This event, which occurred during World War II, represented one of the first instances of an enemy attack on the U.S. mainland in the war, contributing to significant anxiety and fear among the civilian population. The sighting of Japanese submarines and the subsequent shelling of the Ellwood oil field in 1942 highlighted vulnerabilities along the California coast and raised concerns about the possibility of further attacks, prompting a heightened state of alert and protective measures among both military and civilian communities.

The context surrounding this incident reflects how a direct threat from enemy forces can catalyze widespread fear, particularly in a time of war. The local response was driven by a combination of wartime propaganda and the real danger posed by foreign military operations, illustrating how the threat of enemy activity can lead to a significant psychological impact on a population.