Which conflict occurred between the Modoc tribe and the United States Army?

The Modoc War is the correct answer because it specifically refers to the conflict that occurred in the early 1870s between the Modoc tribe and the United States Army. This war was a result of the U.S. government's attempts to remove the Modoc people from their ancestral lands in Northern California and Oregon and relocate them to a reservation, which they strongly resisted.

The conflict is notable for its unique setting, as the Modoc, led by a chief named Kintpuash (or Captain Jack), utilized their knowledge of the rugged terrain to fight effectively against the better-armed U.S. forces. The war lasted from 1872 to 1873 and concluded with the defeat of the Modoc, leading to the capture and execution of Kintpuash and the removal of the remaining Modoc people to a reservation.

In contrast, the other choices represent different events in California's history; the San Francisco Earthquake was a natural disaster in 1906, the Zoot Suit Riots pertained to racial tensions and youth culture during World War II, and the Dust Bowl primarily affected the Great Plains and was linked to agricultural practices and economic factors in the 1930s. These events do not involve the direct conflict between the